The sacrament of marriage
As early as
the 12th Century, Roman Catholic theologians and writers referred to marriage
as a sacrament, a sacred ceremony tied to experiencing God's presence. However,
it wasn't until the Council of Trent in 1563 that marriage was officially
deemed one of the seven sacraments, says Elizabeth Davies, of the Catholic
Bishops' Conference of England and Wales.
Following
the development of Protestant theology, which did not recognise marriage as a
sacrament, the Council felt a need to "clarify" marriage's place.
"There was an underlying assumption that marriage was a sacrament, but it
was clearly defined in 1563 because of the need to challenge teaching that
suggested it wasn't," Davies says.
Wedding vows
Marriage vows, as couples recite them
today, date back to Thomas Cranmer, the architect of English Protestantism.
Cranmer laid out the purpose for marriage and scripted modern wedding vows
nearly 500 years ago in his Book of Common Prayer, says the Reverend Duncan
Dormor of St John's College at the University of Cambridge.
Although the
book was revised in 1552 and 1662, "the guts of the marriage service are
there in 1549," he says. "All the things that you think of, 'to have
and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for
poorer', all of that stuff comes from that point." The marriage service
has had "remarkable continuity" compared with most other services, he
says.
But much of
it was "pilfered from Catholic medieval rites", such as the Sarum
marriage liturgy, which was all in Latin except the actual vows. "What
makes the 1549 service significant is that it is the introduction of a
Protestant service in English, and it's basically the words that we all know
with a couple of small tweaks," Dormor says.
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